Can a Spouse Work on a Dependent Visa in Japan?

In Japan, a dependent visa is primarily intended for family members of those holding work or student visas, allowing them to live in Japan while the primary visa holder is employed or studying. However, the ability of a spouse or dependent to work while on this visa is a common question among expatriates. Here's what you need to know about working on a dependent visa in Japan, and why it might be more complicated than you think.

Understanding the Dependent Visa

The dependent visa in Japan is classified under the “Dependent” category, which is specifically designed for family members of individuals holding work, student, or certain other visas. This visa allows spouses and children to reside in Japan for the duration of the primary visa holder’s stay.

Employment Restrictions

While the dependent visa allows for residence, it does not automatically grant the right to work. Dependents must obtain permission to work separately. Here are the critical aspects to consider:

1. Work Permit Requirement
   Dependent visa holders must apply for a work permit if they wish to take up employment. This is not a straightforward process and involves obtaining a “Permission to Engage in Activity Other Than That Permitted by the Status of Residence Previously Granted” (在留資格外活動許可, zairyū shikaku-gai katsudō kyoka). This permission is required for any form of paid work.

2. Limits on Working Hours
   Even with permission, there are restrictions on the number of working hours. Dependents with work permits are typically allowed to work up to 28 hours per week. This is generally sufficient for part-time jobs but may not be ideal for those seeking full-time employment.

3. Types of Acceptable Employment
   Dependent visa holders can work in various sectors, including retail, hospitality, and other part-time positions. However, certain professional or highly skilled jobs may be out of reach due to the nature of the visa’s restrictions.

Process of Applying for Permission

Obtaining permission to work involves several steps:

1. Application Form
   Submit an application form to the local immigration office, detailing the type of employment you are seeking and the number of hours you plan to work.

2. Supporting Documents
   Provide supporting documents, including proof of the primary visa holder’s status and evidence of the proposed employment, such as a job offer letter or contract.

3. Approval Time
   The processing time for work permission can vary but typically takes several weeks. It is crucial to plan accordingly and not start working until you have received official permission.

Challenges and Considerations

1. Economic Impact
   The limitations on working hours can impact the financial stability of families. Dependents often have to balance multiple part-time jobs to meet their financial needs, which can be challenging.

2. Job Market Dynamics
   The job market in Japan for part-time workers can be competitive, particularly in urban areas where many expatriates and locals compete for similar positions.

3. Cultural and Language Barriers
   Language skills and cultural differences can pose additional challenges for dependents seeking employment. Many jobs may require proficiency in Japanese, which can limit opportunities for non-Japanese speakers.

Real-Life Examples

Consider the case of Emma, a spouse on a dependent visa. Emma wanted to contribute financially while living in Tokyo. After applying for work permission, she found a part-time job at a local café. Although this helped with some expenses, the limited hours meant she could not fully support herself and had to supplement her income through freelance work.

Another example is Alex, whose spouse was a student visa holder. Alex obtained work permission and secured a position in retail. However, the 28-hour work limit made it challenging to cover all living expenses, leading Alex to seek additional financial support from the primary visa holder.

Conclusion

While a dependent visa in Japan does allow for some work, it is accompanied by several restrictions and challenges. It is essential for those holding dependent visas to thoroughly understand the process of obtaining work permission, the limitations on working hours, and the types of jobs available. Planning and preparation are key to making the most of the opportunities while navigating the constraints imposed by the visa.